Book bans and attempted bans are still at record highs and efforts to have titles removed have never been more coordinated or politicized.
The American Library Association issued its annual list of the books most challenged at the country’s libraries Monday, part of the association’s State of America’s Libraries Report.
Patricia McCormick’s Sold, a 2006 novel about sex trafficking in India, topped the list for 2025. Others targeted include Stephen Chbosky’s high school novel The Perks of Being a Wallflower, Maia Kobabe’s graphic memoir Gender Queer and Sarah J. Maas’ romantasy favorite Empire of Storms.
The ALA usually features 10 books, but this year has 11, with four tied for eighth place: Anthony Burgess’ dystopian classic A Clockwork Orange, Ellen Hopkins’ sibling drama Identical, John Green’s boarding school narrative Looking for Alaska and Jennifer L. Armentrout’s paranormal romance Storm and Fury.
Objections include LGBTQ+ themes (Gender Queer, The Perks of Being a Wallflower), sexual violence (Sold and A Clockwork Orange) and use of alcohol and cigarettes (Looking for Alaska). Overall, the ALA’s Office for Intellectual Freedom recorded challenges to 4,235 different works, topped only by 4,240 in 2023 since the association began keeping track more than 30 years ago.
The association defines a challenge as “an attempt to have a library resource removed, or access to it restricted, based on the objections of a person or group.”
Monday’s list arrives during National Library Week, which runs through April 25.
“Libraries exist to make space for every story and every lived experience,” ALA President Sam Helmick said in a statement. “As we celebrate National Library Week, we reaffirm that libraries are places for knowledge, for access, and for all.”
The ALA compiles its survey through media accounts and submissions from libraries. The actual numbers are likely much higher because many incidents are never reported, the association acknowledges.
For decades, challenges to a given book came from a parent or another member of a local community. But in recent years, the ALA has found, the trend has shifted sharply to government officials and such conservative activists as Moms for Liberty, who advocate “parental choice” in deciding what schools and libraries should make available.
Florida, Texas and Utah are among the many states that have called for books to be banned or passed restrictive legislation. In Iowa, an appellate court ruled earlier this month that the state can enforce a law that limits teachers from talking about LGBTQ+ topics with students in kindergarten through the sixth grade and bans some books.
Last year, more than 90% of challenges arose from activists and government officials, according to the ALA, compared to 72% in 2024.
“In 2025, book bans were not sparked by concerned parents, and they were not the result of local grassroots efforts,” Sarah Lamdan, executive director of ALA’s Office for Intellectual Freedom, said in a statement. “They were part of a well-funded, politically-driven campaign.”
Lamdan told The Associated Press that activists circulate lists of targeted books nationwide. Echoing a report last year from PEN America that tallied multiple bannings of Sold, A Clockwork Orange and other books, the ALA found that actual removals — more than 5,600 — well exceeded the number of books challenged.
“I think this reflects the reality that these lists are getting disseminated widely,” Lamdan said. “You can see video footage from various library board meetings where the same books are singled out over and over again.”
The ALA’s list of the most challenged books of 2025
1. Sold by Patricia McCormick
2. The Perks of Being a Wallflower by Stephen Chbosky
3. Gender Queer: A Memoir by Maia Kobabe
4. Empire of Storms by Sarah J. Maas
5. Last Night at the Telegraph Club by Malinda Lo
5. (tie) Tricks by Ellen Hopkins
7. A Court of Thorns and Roses by Sarah J. Maas
8. (tie) A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess
8. (tie) Identical by Ellen Hopkins
8. (tie) Looking for Alaska by John Green
8. (tie) Storm and Fury by Jennifer L. Armentrout
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