European allies are fearful over the U.S. approach to negotiations with Iran, fearing an inexperienced American team is prioritizing a rapid, high-profile agreement that could exacerbate underlying issues rather than resolve them.
Diplomats with extensive experience in Tehran believe Washington’s eagerness to secure a diplomatic victory for President Donald Trump might result in a superficial accord on Iran’s nuclear program and sanctions relief.
This, they warn, could lead to protracted and technically intricate follow-up discussions.
“The concern isn’t that there won’t be an agreement,” said a senior European diplomat, one of eight who spoke to reporters, having previously or currently worked on the nuclear file.
“It’s that there will be a bad initial agreement that creates endless downstream problems.”
The White House, responding to inquiries about the negotiating style, team, objectives, and risks of a swift deal, dismissed these criticisms.
“President Trump has a proven track record of achieving good deals on behalf of the United States and the American people, and he will only accept one that puts America first,” spokesperson Anna Kelly said.
Trump withdrew from 2015 nuclear deal
Diplomats from France, Britain and Germany — which began negotiating with Iran in 2003 — say they have been sidelined.
From 2013 to 2015, the three worked with the United States to secure a deal on curbing Iran’s nuclear program in exchange for sanctions relief, known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action.
Trump withdrew from the accord – the signature foreign policy agreement of his predecessor Barack Obama – in 2018, during his first term, calling it “horribly one-sided.”
After 40 days of airstrikes, U.S. and Iranian negotiators opened talks in Islamabad earlier this month, again focused on the familiar trade‑off of nuclear restrictions for economic relief. There were some signs in the Pakistani capital on Sunday of preparations for a resumption of face-to-face negotiations.
Diplomats say deep mistrust and sharply different negotiating styles raise the risk of a fragile framework neither side can sustain politically.
“It took us 12 years and immense technical work,” said Federica Mogherini, who coordinated the talks from 2013 to 2015. “Does anyone seriously think this can be done in 21 hours?”
A deal light on detail
The diplomats said a skeletal agreement may be achievable, built around a nuclear package and an economic package. But they warned the nuclear component remained by far the most contentious.
“The Americans think you agree on three or four points in a five‑page document and that’s it, but on the nuclear file, every clause opens the door to a dozen more disputes,” a second European diplomat said.
Talks are focusing on Iran’s stockpile of roughly 440 kilograms (970 pounds) of uranium enriched to 60%, material that could be used for several nuclear weapons if further enriched.
The favoured option is “downblending” inside Iran under International Atomic Energy Agency supervision. Another is a hybrid approach, with some material shipped abroad.
Turkey and France have been mentioned as possible destinations. Shipping material to the United States would be politically difficult for Iran, while Russia is unattractive to Washington, two of the diplomats said.
Even those options would require lengthy negotiations over recovering material possibly buried by airstrikes, verifying quantities and transporting it securely.
Iran has also floated storing material abroad for a fixed period.
“Whatever happens now is only a starting point,” said a Western diplomat previously involved in nuclear talks. “That’s why the 2015 JCPOA ran to 160 pages.”
Beyond stockpiles lies the deeper dispute over Iran’s right to enrich uranium at all. Trump has publicly pushed for zero enrichment, while Iran insists it has the right to enrich uranium for civilian purposes and denies seeking a bomb.
One possible compromise would be a temporary moratorium followed by resumption at very low levels under strict conditions.
Europeans stressed that a central role for the IAEA, including intrusive verification and unrestricted access, was essential.
“A negotiation with Iran is meticulous and subtle: every word matters,” said Gérard Araud, France’s chief negotiator from 2006 to 2009. “That’s not something you rush.”
A focus on sanctions relief
The economic track focuses on lifting sanctions and unfreezing Iranian assets.
In the short term, Iran wants access to limited frozen funds overseas. Broader sanctions relief would come later and require European buy‑in, diplomats said, as Iranian leaders see European trade as critical over the long term.
Officials say Washington is again separating an agreement in principle from its painstaking follow‑up, an approach they say risks misreading Iranian political culture.
“These talks aren’t a real‑estate deal settled with a handshake,” said a senior regional diplomat briefed by Tehran, referring to the background of Trump’s main negotiators Steve Witkoff and Jared Kushner. “They involve sequencing, sanctions relief and reciprocal nuclear steps.”
The war has hardened Iran’s stance, diplomats said, showing it can absorb pressure even as it seeks financial relief.
Tehran’s top demand is a non‑aggression guarantee after being attacked by the U.S. and Israel during earlier diplomatic efforts.
The concern is shared among U.S. allies. Gulf states want Iran’s ballistic missiles and proxy activities addressed, while Israel is pushing for maximal constraints.
Iran, by contrast, sees its remaining missile capability as a vital deterrent after the war degraded its forces.
Diplomats say demanding total abandonment would be unrealistic without broader security guarantees.
A senior Trump administration official said Washington’s redlines included ending uranium enrichment, dismantling major enrichment facilities, recovering highly enriched uranium and accepting a broader de‑escalation framework involving regional allies.
Europe is on the sidelines
European officials acknowledge they sidelined themselves in part by pushing last year to reimpose U.N. sanctions and by designating Iran’s Revolutionary Guards a terrorist organisation.
But they say their decision to stay out of the conflict has not gone unnoticed in Tehran.
“There’s simply not enough expertise in this U.S. team,” said one European official, noting that roughly 200 diplomats, financial and nuclear experts were involved in the 2015 talks. “We’ve worked on this file for two decades.”
A White House official said officials from the National Security Council, State Department and Defense Department were present in Islamabad and remained involved.
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